(1)生化需氧量(或称生化耗氧量,简称BOD),是在好氧条件下,水中有机物由微生物作用进行生物氧化,在一定时间内所消耗溶解氧的量。
(2)化学需氧量(或称化学耗氧量,简称COD),用强氧化剂(如重铬酸钾、高锰酸钾或碘酸钾等)在强酸和加热回流条件下对有机物进行氧化,并加入银离子作催化剂,把反应中氧化剂的消耗量换算成氧气量即为化学需氧量。化学需氧量越高,表示水中有机污染物越多。水中有机污染物主要来源于生活污水或工业废水的排放、动植物腐烂分解后流入水体产生的。水体中有机物含量过高可降低水中溶解氧的含量,当水中溶解氧消耗殆尽时,水质则腐败变臭,导致水生生物缺氧,以至死亡。
(3)总需氧量(TOD),指有机物完全被氧化的需氧量。
(4)总有机碳(TOC),表示污水中有机污染物的总含碳量。
(5)悬浮物,以悬浮状态存在于废水中的固形物。
(6)有毒物质,指达到一定浓度后,对人体健康、水生生物的生长造成危害的物质,其中非重金属的氰化物和砷化物及重金属中的汞、镉、铬、铅等是国际上公认的六大毒物。
(7)pH值,是反映水的酸碱性强弱的重要指标。
(8)大肠菌群数,指单位体积水中所含的大肠菌群的数目。
(9)溶解氧(DO),溶解氧量受水温、气压和溶质(如盐分)的影响,随水温升高而减少,与大气中氧分压成比例增加。由于水被污染,有机腐败物质和其他还原性物质的存在,溶解氧就被消耗,所以越干净的水,所含溶解氧越多;水污染越厉害,溶解氧就越少。
(10)氨氮,指以氨或铵离子形式存在的化合氨。氨氮是水体中的营养素,可导致水富营养化现象产生,是水体中的主要耗氧污染物,对鱼类及某些水生生物有毒害。氨氮主要来源于人和动物的排泄物,生活污水中平均含氮量每人每年可达2.5~4.5公斤。雨水径流以及农用化肥的流失也是氮的重要来源。另外,氨氮还来自化工、冶金、石油化工、油漆颜料、煤气、炼焦、鞣革、化肥等工业废水中。
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