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研究发现,控制易腐食品安全的关键是控制微生物的生长速度,而控制微生物的关键就是控制温度,温度每升高6℃,食品中细菌生长速度就会翻一倍,货架期缩短一半。
但是目前我国的食品冷链发展滞后,与会的物流行业代表和专家总结了三点现存误区:我国物流冷链基础设备设施落后,冷链标准缺乏监管和企业执行力度差,冷链理念薄弱食品安全意识不强。由于这些问题和误区,造成了巨大浪费。
“谈及食品安全,现在更多是强调生产环节以及终端零售和餐饮,但对于物流安全一直是被忽略的。”崔忠付在发言中指出冷链物流对于保障农产品质量、减少农产品损耗有重要意义。他认为,目前我国农产品市场存在“菜贱伤农,菜贵伤民”的不合理现象,其中一个重要原因是农产品产地预冷设施和冷链运输体系不完善,导致农产品售卖周期很短,在流通过程中损耗严重。
近几年,“豆你玩”、“蒜你狠”、“姜你军”等农产品销售不正常现象时有发生,崔忠付分析其中原因,发现一方面是流通环节过多,各环节雁过拔毛、层层加价所致;另一方面则凸显了冷链物流体系缺失。由于冷链体系不完善,大部分农产品无法做到错季销售,而且农产品损耗严重,一定程度上造成了农产品“供不应求”的问题。由于冷链基础设施落后,大部分农产品在没有成熟的情况下被采摘后通过常温运输到消费地,这也是消费者为什么觉得在产地和消费地吃到的农产品的味道截然不同的原因之一。
崔忠付提出,如果产地有完善产地预冷和冷库以及加工设施,就可以有效延长产品货架周期,拓展农产品销售区域,增加农产品的附加值,并且达到错季销售的效果,最终实现农民增收。比如胡萝卜收获后,短期内不能卖掉就会质量下降,种植者在没有冷库的情况下往往着急出售,这时收购商就会随意压价。而有了冷库和冷链加工中心之后原本1400元/吨的胡萝卜,错过收购旺季后可以卖到2000元/吨,甚至更高。
据了解,由于我国冷链运输发展滞后,蔬菜、水果出口量仅占总产量的1%~2%,且其中80%是初级产品,在国际市场上缺乏竞争力。特别是随着近年来发达国家不断提高进口农产品准入标准,相关质量、技术和绿色壁垒已经成为制约我国农产品品牌打造和出口的主要障碍。加快发展农产品冷链物流,有助于提高出口农产品质量,突破贸易壁垒,增强国际竞争力。
数据显示,我国目前冷链物流设备滞后。冷藏保温车辆约有7万辆,占货运汽车的比例仅为0.3%左右,冷库总量为2673万吨,人均冷库容量不足20kg。此外,我国当前冷库结构不尽合理,功能失衡。肉类冷库多果蔬类冷库少、冷冻库多保鲜库少、城市冷库多农村冷库少、经营性冷库多加工类冷库少、土建式冷库多装配式冷库少、东部冷库多中西部冷库少等现象明显。
中国物流与采购联合会经统计公布了几个数字:我国果蔬冷链流通率仅为10%左右,而果蔬损耗率高达30%,如果将果蔬损耗率从当前的30%降低到5%,那么每年可节约1000多亿元,几乎是可以节省1亿亩耕地。
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