近几个月来,台湾的“黑心油”事件愈演愈烈,不少大公司都深陷泥潭。最新的消息是顶新集团从越南进口来饲料油冒充食用油出售,其企业的负责人已经被台湾警方羁押,估计要面临刑事诉讼。
随着这些新闻的报道,“饲料油”、“工业油”这些名词不断进入人们的视线。这两种油不同于我们之前耳熟能详的“地沟油”,那和我们平常用的食用油有区别吗?具体区别在哪些方面?
在介绍区别之前,首先要给大家介绍评价油脂的两个重要指标:酸价和过氧化值。酸价是体现油脂里游离脂肪酸含量的指标,过氧化值是体现油脂中活性氧的物质的量的指标。二者都反应了油脂的氧化酸败程度,数值越高,质量越差。因为不知道台湾地区的具体标准,以下的比较以我国的国标或行业标准为准,因为这几项标准我国基本上和世界是接轨的。
一、工业用猪油和食用猪油
饲料油、工业油与食用油有什么区别?表1:工业用猪油和食用猪油的比较
参考标准:《GB/T 8935-2006 工业用猪油》《GB/T 8937-2006 食用猪油》
台湾黑心油事件最开始被曝光的是强冠公司的香猪油,其原料一部分来自于从香港进口的工业用猪油。从上表可以看出,工业用猪油和食用猪油最主要的区别,就在于其来源的不同。食用猪油的来源要求很严格,只能是新鲜、洁净和完好的猪的脂肪组织,而工业用猪油的来源就比较广泛了,猪的各个组织成分都可以。其次,工业用猪油的酸价和过氧化值的指标远高于食用猪油。
二、饲料油和食用油
如果说工业猪油跟地沟油的关系还不是很大,那么饲料油和地沟油就有着千丝万缕的联系了。按照《NYT 913-2004 饲料级混合油》的规定,饲料级混合油(以下简称“饲料油”)是指餐饮业和食品业用后的植物油与动物油的混合物,经去水、去渣,但无脱色及脱味处理,只被用于饲料生产。从这个描述可以认为,饲料油可以来源于地沟油,但是还需要经过加工达到一定的标准。
饲料油、工业油与食用油有什么区别?表2:饲料油和食用植物油的比较
参考标准:《GB 2716-2005 食用植物油卫生标准》《NYT 913-2004 饲料级 混合油》
通过以上对比可知,饲料油和食用植物油最大的区别也是来源的不同。饲料油来源自餐饮废弃油脂,这种油脂我们通常叫“地沟油”,是绝对不允许用作食用油的加工原料的。其次食用植物油在酸价、过氧化值、含铅、含砷、农药残留等各个方面都比饲料油要严格很多。
值得注意的是,强冠、顶新公司的终端产品按照食用猪油、食用植物油的标准并没有被检测出问题,说明他们通过加工手段,让原先的工业猪油和饲料油达到了食用油的标准。
食品安全究竟应该怎么来监管?
今年以来,大中华地区相继发生了两起严重的食品安全事故,一起是大陆地区的上海福喜事件,另一起就是席卷了港台的黑心油事件。这两起事件都有一些共同点:1、事件爆发都源自暗访和举报,并不是由政府职能部门发现的;2、其产品在终端检测都是合格的,问题出在上游的原料收购及加工环节;3、涉事企业很多都是大企业,不是以前经常出现在食品安全事故新闻中的小企业、小作坊。
事件发生之后,民众总会发出加强监管的声音。如何加强监管呢,无非就是更强的检查力度、更严的检测标准。但是这一切真的能够保证食品安全吗?前些日子某政协委员在微博上声称要当某家乳品企业的监督员,其监督方法就是去市场上购买终端产品然后去独立的第三方送检。这件事情在食品行业人士看来只是一个笑话,终端产品能够通过检测,这对于现代食品企业来说是最基本的要求了,以目前国内食品行业的现状来说,大企业不太可能出现大规模的不合格产品出厂,即使是以上提到涉事的福喜、强冠、顶新等企业,他们的终端产品都没有被检测出问题来。
对食品而言,其安全的保障不是来自于终端产品的检测,那只是最后的一道安全防线而已。真正能够保障食品安全的,是整个产业链环节中的“过程控制”。这个过程控制包括原料采购、原料储存、加工设备、加工工艺、加工操作规范、成品储运等一系列环节。以黑心油事件为例,强冠、顶新等公司在原料采购上就出了问题,采购了不能用于人类食用的原料,尽管他们通过后续的加工等手段让终端产品可以通过检测。上海福喜公司则是在加工过程的环节中没有遵守良好的操作规范,有使用过期原料、篡改生产日期等违规行为,尽管他们最终的产品也可以通过检测。
食用行业有个老生常谈的话题:合格/安全的食品是生产出来的,不是检测出来的。说的也就是这个意思,把过程控制好,终端产出合格产品是水到渠成的事情。仅仅依靠更强的监查力度,更严格的检验手段,都无法确保食品的安全。目前国内的食品企业也引入了第三方监督,就是对其过程控制加以监督,比如AIB(美国烘培协会)审核。AIB为食品供应商专门制定了一套《AIB食品安全统一标准》,这套标准包含了对食品供应商的品质与安全卫生保证能力的考核要求,包含了食品加工过程中的加工设备、操作规范的考核要求。AIB的审核标准得到了消费者及北美食品零售商的广泛认可,进而被许多全求食品零售商和采购集团用来作为对供应商实施准入的一道门槛。
我个人对我国的食品安全水平并不悲观,我认为我国的食品安全水平一直在提高,只不过在这过程中也暴露了很多的问题,需要去一一解决。保障食品安全,不仅是全体民众关心的话题,也是我们每一个食品行业从业人员的责任。对此,我很有信心!
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